R. F. DeMara and C. A. Sharma, "Self-Checking Fault Detection using Discrepancy 
Mirrors," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Parallel and 
Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications (PDPTA'05), Las Vegas, Nevada, 
U.S.A, June 27 - 30, 2005.

Abstract: 
A method for robust detection of faults is developed based on pairwise parallel 
evaluation using Discrepancy Mirror Logic. Discrepancy Mirrors provide coverage 
for the fault detector within the same mechanism used for the functional logic 
under test. The detector logic is self-testing and propagates functional outputs 
with adherence to a single fault-secure property so that erroneous outputs from 
any single fault are not propagated. Within the detector, bitwise equality 
comparisons are employed directly without additional data encoding/decoding 
schemes to determine the validity of the output. Fault handling is performed 
using the underlying data throughput so that additional test vectors are not 
required. The circuit was implemented for a Xilinx Virtex II Pro FPGA platform 
and fault-secure operation was verified using ModelSim-II for exhaustive stuck-
at scenarios. Results indicate fault isolation in a pool of 100,000 resources 
using an expected value of 17.6 to 64.1 pairings when as little as one half of 
the inputs applied articulate the fault.